Titration

Questions: 1-When setting up a standard arrangement for what reason is it critical to totally break up the concoction (for example sodium carbonate) you are utilizing before causing the answer for up to the meniscus mark in the volumetric flask?2-Why do you not flush your tapered carafe with your answer before you include your 20mL of arrangement utilizing the volumetric pipette?3-In the stage 6 of the titration method; for what reason does it not make a difference on the off chance that you include water?4-Name two different pointers( other than Methy| Orange that was utilized for this titration) that can be utilized for a corrosive base titration and detail their separate shading changes at a specific HP. Answers: 1-When setting up a standard arrangement for what reason is it critical to totally break down the compound (for example sodium carbonate) you are utilizing before causing the answer for up to the meniscus mark in the volumetric carafe? The sodium carbonate fills in as an essential standard arrangement while playing out a titration. This essential standard arrangement is one whose fixation is known in the trial that is utilized further to ascertain the centralization of an obscure arrangement. The standard arrangement of sodium carbonate is 1.2 g in 250 ml deionized water for this investigation. The volumetric flagon meniscus mark is the last degree of arrangement that is finished 250 ml standard arrangement above which no further water could be included. Hence, it is critical to disintegrate total sodium carbonate before arriving at the meniscus of flagon in light of the fact that no further water can be included after this point where the arrangement will be 250ml (Wenclawiak, Koch Hadjicostas, 2010). 2-Why do you not flush your conelike flagon with your answer before you include your 20mL of arrangement utilizing the volumetric pipette? The tapered carafe isn't flushed with the standard arrangement since washing the jar with test arrangement can prompt the possible little increment in arrangement volume that can prompt blunder in getting a precise perusing. As the standard arrangement volume is taken as 20ml, if the carafe in flushed with the arrangement there can be an expansion in this volume that can prompt blunder in the examination (Wenclawiak, Koch Hadjicostas, 2010). 3-In sync 6 of the titration methodology; for what reason does it not make a difference in the event that you include water? The test includes volume and convergence of base equivalents the quantity of moles in the base that is utilized to decide the corrosive number of moles. The expansion of deionized water (containing no corrosive or base) can never influence the quantity of moles of corrosive. Consequently, including water doesn't influence the balance response (Wenclawiak, Koch Hadjicostas, 2010). 4-Name two different markers (other than Methyl Orange that was utilized for this titration) that can be utilized for a corrosive base titration and detail their separate shading changes at a specific HP? The markers utilized for corrosive base titration aside from Methyl Orange are: - Marker Shading (Acid) Shading (Base) pH go pKln Phenol Red Yellow Red 6.8-8.4 7.9 Phenolphthalein Boring Pink 8.2-10.0 9.4 Source: (ACID_BASE INDICATORS. 2016) References ACID_BASE INDICATORS. (2016).Ch.ic.ac.uk. Recovered 20 June 2016. Wenclawiak, B. W., Koch, M., Hadjicostas, E. (2010).Quality affirmation in explanatory science: preparing and educating. Springer Science Business Media.

The Jacket By Gary Soto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Jacket By Gary Soto - Essay Example There were a few children who might call me names like nerd and ridicule my eyeglasses constantly. The spontaneous open consideration and different people’s supposition had a critical effect over the manner in which I felt about myself. There were times when I felt extremely irate for being unique in relation to other youngsters. Different occasions I felt sorry for myself for being kept separate from the group. All I at any point needed was to be acknowledged by others for who I am. In the wake of investing some energy thinking of purposes behind why others thought of me in an unexpected way, I understood that the focal points of my old pair of eyeglasses were much thicker than the glass of our aquarium at home. I chose to persuade my mom to get me another pair of eyeglasses made of more slender glass and dark hued outlines. While I was growing up, accepting another pair of stylish eyeglasses was consistently on my list of things to get. As my dad died while I was in grade school, our salary was not adequate to monetarily bolster the every day needs of my relatives. Beside me being the oldest, I likewise had six different kin my mom was dealing with. In view of money related impediments, I had no other decision however to comprehend my mother’s circumstance. For just about five years, I wore my old pair of eyeglasses wherever I went. Because of an absence of different alternatives, I needed to confront the mortification of wearing my old pair of eyeglasses to class. During the five years I constrained myself to wear my old pair of eyeglasses, I figured out how to acknowledge the way that I expected to feel great in them despite the fact that they had made me look down on myself for quite a while. As a result of my longing for acknowledgment, I imagined as though nothing truly irritated me. By cleaning my old pair of eyeglasses without glancing through the focal points, I went about as though I was wearing cool and one of a kind eyeglasses. At the point when I arrived at the eighth grade, my enormous blue adjusted eyeglasses began to obscure

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism OCD Types Print Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 19, 2019 portishead1 / Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions Has anyone ever accused you of trying to be better than perfect? Perfectionism alone is difficult enough to cope with, but its also long been thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other forms of mental illness. Let’s explore the relationship between OCD and perfectionism. What Is Perfectionism? Before we talk about perfectionism and OCD, its important to define what is meant by perfectionism. Perfectionism, to some degree, is beneficial for a person in society. When contrasted with the alternative, perfectionistic tendencies are preferable to slob tendencies. How can you know what is good (and not only good but ideal) and what is not? Research on perfectionism has indicated that there are two main types of perfectionism:?? Adaptive/Healthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by having high standards for yourself as well as others, persistence in the face of adversity, and conscientiousness. Healthy perfectionism usually goes along with goal-directed behavior and good organizational skills.Maladaptive/Unhealthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by excessive preoccupation with past mistakes, fears about making new mistakes, doubts about whether you are doing something correctly and being heavily invested in the high expectations of others, such as parents or employers. An excessive preoccupation with control is also a hallmark feature of maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism. In general, while adaptive/healthy perfectionism tends to be associated with good psychological well-being and high achievement both at school and at work, maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism has been associated with distress, low-self esteem and symptoms of mental illness.?? Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Perfectionism The unhealthy form of perfectionism has been strongly linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD.)?? Perfectionism appears to be particularly strong if you have a strong need for things to be done “just right” or require certainty.?? For example, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be very high if you feel that your compulsions have to be done in exactly the right way. In these cases, it is not uncommon to believe that if the compulsion is carried out perfectly, a feared outcome, such as the death of a loved one, will not take place. Likewise, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be high if your OCD symptoms revolve around checking.?? Specifically, if you do not feel you have perfect certainty that you have locked the door or turned off the stove, you might return to check these items over and over again. Tied to this is the excessive fear of making a catastrophic mistake, such as leaving the door open all day or burning down the house by leaving the stove on. Ironically, checking over and over again reinforces the idea that you are not perfect or possibly even losing your mind. This can make you feel even worse and less self-confident which, of course, sets you up to do more checking. Finally, unhealthy OCD perfectionism may help to perpetuate obsessions.?? For instance, like many people with OCD you might believe that you must have complete control over your thoughts. As such, when a bizarre or distressing thought pops intrusively into your mind, you label these thoughts as dangerous because they are out of your control. This causes you to monitor the thought even more closely, which can help to create an obsession. Tips for Dealing With OCD Perfectionism What can you do to cope with OCD perfectionism? The first step is to recognize OCD in yourself as well as your perfectionistic tendencies. Talking with a therapist is an excellent way to gain a greater understanding of your condition, and provides the feedback needed as you work to reduce the impact on your life. There are a few things which can work particularly well in coping: Learn Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Techniques such as cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments can be helpful in learning to objectively evaluate the likelihood and/or consequences of making catastrophic or even minor mistakes.?? Cognitive therapy can also be a useful tool for critically examining the beliefs we hold about ourselves and others.Practice Giving up Control: As part of cognitive-behavior therapy and/or exposure and response prevention therapy, you may be asked to participate in exercises designed to build your capacity to tolerate a loss of control. This can involve being prevented from checking something or adjusting something until it is just right. Although this can initially be extremely distressing, over time you will gain more confidence in your ability to tolerate a loss of control.Adopt a Mindful Stance: Mindfulness emphasizes being less “invested” in our thoughts. Accepting that we have less control than we think over our thoughts can be very h elpful in reducing the distress that often accompanies intrusive thoughts. Mindfulness meditation exercises can help to promote a more objective awareness of our day-to-day thoughts and emotions.?? Living and Coping With OCD Perfectionism Just as its likely that many of the self-help behaviors that help people cope with OCD may also help with perfectionism, specifically addressing perfectionism related to the condition is likely to help with many aspects of the disorder. Techniques that help overachievers address perfectionism may also make a difference with OCD. Perhaps the most important point of noting the role of perfectionism with OCD, however, is to recognize how OCD is different for everyone, and whatever personality traits a person has can come to play in the disorder. Only a therapist who knows you well and understands both OCD and appreciates you as a person can best help you navigate your journey through life with OCD.

Gender Identity Disorder ( Gid ) - 1209 Words

Abstract Many people experience uneasiness or misery due to their biological sex and gender identity, which is known as gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria is formally known as gender identity disorder (GID), gender incongruence or transgenderism. According to Mohammaed Meomon, gender dysphoria is a product of highly complex genetic, neurodevelopmental, and psychological factors (Meomon, 2016). A person’s biological sex is given at birth depending on the appearance of the genitals. What a person identifies with is called gender identity. For example, a woman may have the genitals of a female but identify herself as a male. She will start acting and showing characteristics of a male. This confusion between gender identity and sex cause†¦show more content†¦Many people diagnosed with this condition dislike several features on their body and often pretend that it is something else. They also go through a trial and error process and find out that they like the opposite sex better . For example, a male may feel like a female’s life is better after he try out some of their behaviors and characteristics. According to Anne Vitales article Notes On Gender Transition, these people explore in the opposite genders and find that living as the other sex gives them more satisfaction and acceptance than they have ever felt before (Vitales’, 1996). Gender Dysphoria is shown differently depending on the age and assigned gender of the person. The conditions for a child are revealed from childhood. It is more common in boys, but occurs across both sexes. Gender Dysphoria starts between the ages of two and four. In adolescents and adults the characteristics escalate over time. This can be caused by social environments or relationships. Since this condition is not acknowledged in today’s society it cause problems for the victim and those close/related to them. In most cases, the victim begins to feel like they are carrying the wrong (Kenneth Bradley, 2002). Characteristics of the disorder Children learn from the things they are taught and the things that they see. It is their natural instinct to conform to the characteristics of their gender. Girls express

The Books Of Joshua And Judges Are Very Informative In

The books of Joshua and Judges are very informative in nature, detailing the events that occurred as Israel entered, conquered, and settled in the Promised Land. These two accounts shine a light on very important events that would shape the nation they would eventually become. Many miraculous events took place in these chapters, as God was fighting and winning battles for His people. These narratives also include many exhilarating and extraordinary battles that are sure to captivate any reader. However, despite the many spectacular occurrences that fill both Joshua and Judges, their difference in tone could not be any more pronounced. Even though these books are only separated by a small amount of time, one book clearly conveys a†¦show more content†¦Joshua was a man that knew God and dedicated himself to serving Him. Joshua single-handedly led the children of Israel to conquer the Promised Land, and he certainly displayed the power of God through his life. Most importantly, however, is the truth that Israel was a theocracy, in that it followed the One True God. God gave His instruction to Joshua, and Joshua passed on this instruction to the people. They, in turn, were not receiving their commands and instructions from a man, such as the heathen nations of the day. Instead, they were led by a God that had chosen them and cared for them ever since they left the land of Egypt. The reason that they were able to prosper and succeed is that God was their official leader. The book of Judges, however, describes this same nation s government very differently. After settling into the Promised Land, Israel s form of government seemed to become extremely disorganized. Despite the fact that God had given them clear laws and guidelines for social order, these people seemed to be very dysfunctional in their ability to follow a clear pattern like they had done in the book of Joshua. This was largely due to their reputation of having a variety of leaders. None of the judges led the people at one time; however, none of them led for a particularly long period of time. Their cycles of captivity and repatriation resulted in many different people coming into power at different times. Surely, a revolvingShow MoreRelatedThe Medias Role in Regional and International Relations with Regards to Development, Transition, and Influence3313 Words   |  14 Pagesfundamental changes in mindset are as crucial (as many believe) a part of the development process, it would make media control the single most important element in shaping any desired future change weather it be developmental or transitional. Lerners book addresses developmental change, while the issue in question is of systemic transition. The concepts apply without exception because they indicate money as a catalyst for all things good and evil. True power is the ability to influence, to implementRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning

Amazing Grace Review Free Essays

In the 18th century millions of men, women and children were taken from their homes in Africa and sold into slavery. Few survived the slave ships, and even fewer lived through their slave labors. Some people thought the slave trade was wrong, but to find someone who had the courage to stand-up to make a stop was hard. We will write a custom essay sample on Amazing Grace Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Amazing Grace†, is a movie based on a true story. Written by Steven Knight and directed by Michael Apted, it is about William Wilberforce and his quest to abolish the slave trade in the United Kingdom, and his battle against the British parliament of the 18th century. The film narrates William Wilberforce’s journey through time with many flashbacks. William, the son of a rich merchant, studied at Cambridge; this is where he met his close friend and future priminister, William Pitt. Pitt encourages Wilberforce to outlaw the slavetrade and fight against parliament. With his support and advice on how to conquer the government, they get over 3,000 signatures wanting to abolish the slave trade. Without his connections it would have taken Wilberforce much longer to achieve these goals and to see progress. Wilberforce committed many years, so many that he neglects his health, and becomes very ill. Wilberforce then meets Barbara Spooner, who pushes him to keep on going and fight for what he believes and gets him back on his feet. â€Å"Amazing Grace† is a portrait of faith and persistence. These themes are very evident as Wilberforce’s devotion to abolish the slave trade is number one priority- even over his own health. Wilberforce and Pitt also must have faith and believe that they will win the battle. This also leads into another theme, fighting for what you believe, and the theme of racism The theme that occurs continuously and ties all the above themes together is monstrosity. This theme is also shown throughout the novels of To Kill a Mockingbird (Harper Lee) and Frankenstein (Mary Shelley), when racist acts are made in To Kill A Mockingbird, and the real monster is revealed today’s society in Frankenstein. Throughout the movie, William Wilberforce (Ioan Gruffudd) shows the characteristics of a hero, and people around the world look up at him for his effort. Since the beginning of the movie, William Wilberforce shows signs of sympathy and care. When passing by a suffering horse, he stops and makes sure the abusing stops. Small details like this already give the viewer an instant idea of what sort character he is. As well as the amazing in-role acting the sound and lighting are the finishing touch. The lighting increases many aspects of the movie. When Wilberforce had flashbacks and was thinking of the slavery and the slave ships, the lighting became darker and the music also adjusted. To the viewer it isn’t that obvious until you specifically look for lighting and other technical edits. But without these things the movie the impact the movie gives wouldn’t be as great. As well as lighting, the camera angles where also very specific. There would always be close up shots when difference of facial expressions were shown, this emphases more emotion in the movie and also attracting the viewer. Amazing Grace, is a extremely intense and an instructive movie, as well as interesting and exciting. The viewers really feel pulled into the story and really get motivated to stand up for what they believe. William Wilberforce really was a role model sending out positive messages and leaving the audience with a winning smile on their face. How to cite Amazing Grace Review, Papers

Equality, diversity and rights in health and social care free essay sample

Discuss ethical dilemma that may arise when balancing individual rights and duty of care. The definition of ethical dilemma is also known as a moral dilemma, which are situations that there has to be a choice made between two options that are the right or wrong. On the other hand, ethical dilemmas assume that the chooser will obey by social norms, such as codes of law or religious teachings, in order to make the choice ethically impossible and that practitioner’s conflict with their duty of care that is to protect individuals and service users. For example, according to Wyatt.L et al (2017) in a residential care home if a patient has always been lifted by the hoist to get into bed but the patient now wants to be lifted into bed manually, the care worker would have to be aware that they are following the procedures that are required in the care plan in regards of safeguarding them self and the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Equality, diversity and rights in health and social care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, another common ethical dilemma experience by both beginner and experienced social workers is the right to confidentiality and the right to self-determination especially in cases of suicidal clients, health care practitioners must respect a clients right to privacy and confidentiality to promote equality, and they may not confess information about a client without his prior. However, in cases of suicidality or the threat of harm to another person, a social worker is forced to break confidentiality to protect her client and the public. Explain how to support others in promoting equality and rights. In healthcare settings, equality and rights are very significant because the organization needs to ensure that patients and service users are meeting all their needs as well as that they have equal access to services in regards of disabled people. For instance, ways of promoting equality and rights would be the code of conduct that sets out the expected conduct of health care workers within the organization that outlines the behavior and attitudes you would require so that this would prevent safety within the environment and protecting individuals. In addition, organizations should be providing all staff with the opportunity to complete equality and diversity training as part of their induction and provide regular refresher training to reflect changes in legislation and this will encourage health care workers to have a better understanding.On the other hand, health practitioners would need to treat and respect every individual equally acknowledge that if they are not following policies and procedures according to The Equality Act 2010 then this would be against the law that can lead to serious problems. In addition, a way of promoting equality and rights would be that the organization should establish meetings in regards to p romoting equality and rights to give a clear understanding.

Ideal Society by Plato

Researchers traditionally define society as a group of people who interact with each other basing on the common culture, morality, and economy. To become the society, a group of people should function as an organization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ideal Society by Plato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, to create an ideal society, it is necessary to change the principles of organization and to propose new patterns according to which people should interact with each other as the complex organism. The concept of the ideal society is discussed in the works by many philosophers. It is important to pay attention to the conception presented by Plato in his work The Republic on the issue of the ideal society. Thus, Plato discusses social classes and forms of governance to provide the model of the ideal society. To propose one more model of the ideal society, it is necessary to refer to the classical Plato’s vision. Nevertheless, the concept of the ideal society is rather utopian because of impossibility to create this society in reality. Although the notion of ideal society is a controversial question with the elements of utopia, there are specific features and components which combination can contribute to constructing the model of the perfect society with references to the personal vision of an ideal. Society as a collective consists of individuals whose human nature makes them compete and fight for the better resources. Nevertheless, people can be discussed as good and sympathetic while living in the community if their interests are met. Thus, people become aggressive if they are afraid of losing their resources, property, or advantageous living conditions. As a result, to build the community where relations are based on the positive side of the human nature, it is necessary to create the specific conditions to respond to the interests and expectations of th e majority (Ede and Cormack). The task of the social leaders is to orient to interests of the majority in order to avoid the opposition of the public which can lead to revealing the negative qualities of people living in society. Referring to the mentioned task, it is possible to formulate the purpose of the ideal society. Society can be discussed as a strong organization where all the components of the society cooperate with each other for the common good. In its turn, the effective cooperation of the society’s members depends on the particular features of organization. From this point, the society should be organized in a specific way to provide the social support and assistance for all the members.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The purpose of the society is to protect individuals with the help of organizing them in a group where people can freely and effectively interact with each other. Thus, the society is created to help people satisfy and complete their needs (Osborne). The fulfillment of people’s interests should become the main purpose of any society because society as an institution is only the organization of individuals which interests are important for the further successful development of the whole group. The principles of satisfying the people’s needs and interests within the ideal society are correlated with the concept of justice according to which this society should function. According to Plato, the idea of justice is closely associated with the personality of the leader ruling the society. Plato states that philosophers should become social rulers because only these people can guarantee the rule of justice within the group of people organized as society. Moreover, justice should be represented in just laws which are followed by all the society’s representatives without opposition because of the rulerâ⠂¬â„¢s significant authority. Plato continues that philosophers should be chosen as the rulers of society because they create just laws not to accentuate their power, but to contribute to the social good (Plato). However, just laws are developed to control the actions of the public. The just and rational control is necessary for the society in order to prevent the social degeneration and the further focus on chaos. From this perspective, justice plays an important role in society. Society in which just laws are used and just leaders rule contributes to creating the common good. It is important to note that in spite of the concentration of modern public on the ideas of individualism and freedom of choice, people cannot live without social interactions and their communication is directed toward creating the good for a personality without doing any harm in relation to the other members of society. This positive pattern of communication within the society is possible with references to the ideal society. Referring to the real societies and to the elements of their functioning, it is necessary to note that people can achieve the welfare only while acting within the society as the part of it because of sharing the common economic infrastructure and participating in the same social institutions (Brym and Lie). From this point, the society develops to produce the common good for all the members. The question of a governmental system used in the perfect society is one of the most controversial ones in relation to the idea of constructing the society focusing on the interests of the majority. The governmental system is significant for the society in order to provide the necessary control. It is possible to refer to the responsibility of an individual and to the democratic form of government as the best choices for the society when all the associated legal laws, social rules, and principles are clearly stated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ideal Society by Plato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People need limits in order to avoid chaos. That is why, just laws are important for all the forms of government, including democracy. Democracy is based on the ideals of freedom, equality, rights, and choice (Appelrouth). All the mentioned concepts are appreciated by modern people because these ideas provide the context for the development of individualities. Nevertheless, Plato claims that much freedom guaranteed with references to the democratic principles can lead to chaos, people’s outrage, and social mess (Plato). From this perspective, the legal system should work for the society providing people with just laws. Appropriate social norms and rules should be developed with references to the principles of morality which is accepted in the definite society. These easy points can help prevent the democratic society from the decay. However, people are inclined to follo w laws correctly and avoid their violation when they are satisfied with the position within the society, including the social status and welfare. To improve the state of the public, the democratic government should implement the effective economic system. Today, people pay much attention to such concepts as equality and freedom (Levitas). These notions are also relevant to discuss the ideal economic system for society. Thus, capitalism guarantees the focus on people’s freedoms, and the principle of equality is discussed from the point of fair competition. Nevertheless, only laissez-faire capitalism can help people realize their freedoms and rights in the economic sphere fully because economy is not controlled by the government. That is why, this economic system is the most appropriate for contributing to the progress of the democratic society. The democratic society provides equal opportunities for all the people to achieve the necessary welfare (Ede and Cormack). Laissez-fai re capitalism limits the control of the government and focuses on people’s interests when they develop strategies to improve their business and achieve the economic success with references to their abilities and intentions. Focusing on the ideas presented earlier, it is necessary to note that individuals living in such societies should be characterized by the developed feelings of responsibility and respect for each other (Novacek). Such issues as racism, discrimination, and prejudice are inappropriate for the ideal society. That is why, the public should be well-educated. The accents should be made on the primary education when children learn the moral norms and principles and on the higher education when people choose their career path. It is important to note that moral training is effective when it is combined with education. Well-educated people are able to live in the society where the focus is made on following definite laws and norms strictly.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equality should be realized in providing the equal educational opportunities (Osborne). Furthermore, morality and religion are connected spheres. People need moral limits to live in society according to the definite rules. From this point, the role of religion and morality in society is to control people without the impact of any external factors, but with the accents on the inner world and personal inclinations. Plato proposes the Allegory of the Cave in order to depict the reality from the point of ordinary people who are ‘prisoners’ within the society (Plato). The journey out of the cave is necessary for people as the representatives of the society in which the public concentrates on education, equality, and freedoms. To help people go out the ‘cave’, it is necessary to achieve the balance between the social control and role of individuality in community. The focus on democracy, laissez-faire capitalism, and individualism is possible when people are allo wed to leave their ‘caves’ and begin to participate in the life of their society as morally and socially responsible personalities. Family is the main social institution which is typical for traditional societies. The creation of family is the creation of a micro-society with the specific hierarchy and rules. Nowadays, people are inclined to interact within the larger groups and rely only on their own abilities. Family in its traditional form cannot be discussed as the effective way to organize the society (Appelrouth). The main accents should be made on socially responsible individuals who are flexible in their interactions. Society in which the majority of people can satisfy their needs and achieve the necessary welfare without violating the rights and freedoms of the other people can be discussed as ideal. This society is based on the principles of democracy, free will, and free choice. In this situation, rulers or social leaders are only reflectors of the publicâ₠¬â„¢s will. However, strict norms and laws which prohibit the illegal and immoral behaviors should regulate the life within the society without limiting the people’s basic rights and opportunities. Works Cited Appelrouth, Scott. Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings. USA: Pine Forge Press, 2008. Print. Brym, Robert, and John Lie. Sociology: Your Compass for a New World. USA: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print. Ede, Andrew, and Lesley Cormack. A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility. USA: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Print. Levitas, Ruth. The Concept of Utopia. USA: Peter Lang, 2010. Print. Novacek, Pavel. â€Å"Human Values Compatible with Sustainable Development†. Journal of Human Values 19.1 (2013): 5-13. Print. Osborne, Roger. Civilization: A New History of the Western World. USA: Pegasus Books, 2006. Print. Plato. The Republic. USA: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print. This research paper on Ideal Society by Plato was written and submitted by user Miguel Schwartz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Critical Review of Trifles Essays

A Critical Review of Trifles Essays A Critical Review of Trifles Paper A Critical Review of Trifles Paper Mrs.. Peters and Mrs.. Hale into Mrs.. Wrights kitchen who is arrested for the murder of her husband. When the men go upstairs to find evidences that they dont think they will get in the kitchen, because In their perspective It Is silly area since It belongs to women, Susan Is creating a space for the women during their dialogue to show their Intelligence and their analysis that Is based on questions. Through their talking they find a dead bird which is one of the most important details that they build their conclusions on. The women hide this because they dont want the men find it as a motive for Mrs.. Wright to kill her husband, and the play ends after the women mislead the men. The bird in the play is highly symbolic for Mrs.. And Mr.. Wright which I think Susan has succeeded in using it. Review Description Symbols in literature add further meanings and make the meaning stay in the readers mind. As many plays Trifles has several symbols that make the reader understand deeply the characters and their roles throughout the play. The major symbol In the play Is the bird which Is used to represent Mrs.. Wright herself and her life that lacks of freedom, because after her loveless marriage she became imprisoned in a gloomy house. In the story, Mrs.. Wright wants it as an alternative of children, and she likes it because it reminds her of her past when she used to sing, so she wants to recall her cheerfulness. It was the only left hope for her before Mr.. Wright has put it down, and for Mr.. Wright is a fake hope, so he wanted to get rid of it. The birds ultimate freedom through death also resonates with Minces freedom through her husbands death. Even though she is Jailed in the play, her spirit is freed through the revenge she enacts upon Mr.. Wright notes Dalton. Evaluation The play is very effective because Susan Slapped used all the elements of the play successfully, so the meaning is delivered clearly and emotionally. Her active description of the setting helps the reader to understand the psychological situations of the characters. Also, her using of the dialogue of the women and the Irony In the play forces the reader to sympathize with the protagonist, because she highlights throughout the womens conversation the protagonists stillness and suffering with ere rough NASDAQ Ana makes NV or near unreason Tanat ten murder Is a result and outcome of these factors. The symbols give the play powerful meanings and explain her state of mind of being lonely, motherless and imprisoned. In my opinion, the end is successful because it evokes the reader to think about Mrs.. Wrights destiny which I think as a reader that Mrs.. Wright will go out of the Jail because of lack of enough evidences. Conclusion Trifles by Susan Slapped is considered as a feminist drama because it is mainly about women and their struggle. The author points out the male perspective toward female. She tries to change this perspective by showing women intelligence and also by the tragic situation that the house of the Wrights has become.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 41

Reflection - Essay Example In addition, there are various factors cited as limitations to interactional activities within the document. One of the limitation is learners are usually subjected to a scenario where they are engaged with inputs through complicated dimension of language. There are also various dimensions of interaction pointed and elaborated within the document; one of these dimensions is associated with the fact that interact has been perceived as an ideational activity: This entails that there are certain mental awareness that may exist among individuals, thus shaping the manner through, which they think on issues ascribed to the social and physical environment. Another fundamental issue covered within the document is impact of language on teaching. The document asserts that, indeed there are various impacts of language on teaching. One of the impacts is that language enables teachers and tutors to direct and provide appropriate guidance to their students. Consequently, there are micro-strategies that can used to facilitate interaction learning; one of these strategies is holiday shopping, which basically entails facilitated decision-making process among

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Several Definitions of Feminism Essay

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Several Definitions of Feminism - Essay Example Besides, feminism concept is also referred to equal opportunities for women in a society in terms of education, property, and employment among others2. In this regard, Cott (1986) signified that the feminist movements have assisted in providing equal rights as well as justice, within modern society and determining differences in terms of expediency. In this context, feminist movements have aided in building a different cultural order based on certain logic and tradition3. Highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of several definitions of feminism as described by the authors, feminism concepts can be recognized to have assisted women to understand their rights in a society better. On the contrary, several definitions of feminism initiated more negative arguments among the male members regarding women rights in a society, which can be considered as a weakness of the feminist movements. In this context, it can be identified that feminist movements have initiated a privilege for the women to maintain gender equality with male members in the modern civilization. Apart from this, feminist ideologies implied that the dominancy of the female members in a society should have gender equality, whereby feminist theories have assisted female members to attain the desired societal and professional identity4. Similarly, the feminist concept has introduced several legal bindings in the society in order to ensure the women’s rights in terms of property, voting and marriage among others. Moreover, feminist ideologies have offered reproductive rights to the women including the right of abortion and contraceptive., Simultaneously, feminist ideologies have ensured protection towards women concerning matters of violence and sexual harassment, benefitting female members of the society quite impressively.  

The Relationship Between Society And The Individual

The Relationship Between Society And The Individual New ValuesIn Brave New World Everyone else is belongs to everyone else is whispered to humans ears during their sleep in Brave New World; from the very beginning of their lives until their last day human creatures are designed to think and live as society wants them to do so, they do not have individual choices and freedom. In order to make society run smoothly, human beings are conditioned to think, make choices and live according to superior orders, which alter the real nature of humankind and abolish uniqueness. In the first chapter, Bokanovkys Process is described in details, how human beings are made, how Gammas, Epsilons, Deltas brain are stopped by chemicals not to develop as cleverly as in Alfas. One egg, one embryo, one adult-normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. Progress. ( 1st chapter) People do not have choices over their mental capability, they are created by other people when they are only embryos. Human beings act like the Creator, God. These sub-human people, namely Gammas, Deltas, Epsilons, are only capable of working and not capable of thinking, therefore, these people are the controllers of the society, who are contributing to maintenance and materialization of the social system. We also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future He was going to say future World controllers, but correcting himself, said future Directors of Hatcheries, instead. Making them sub-human is a necessary way to maintain society, because clever people may question the necessity of the system, which could be a danger for civiliation. As I mentioned before, people act like God in the novel, create people and make decisions over them, thus God as a word and phenomenon is unknown for the citizens of the new world, God is replaced by Ford. They celebrate Fords day and people say Oh, Ford! and His fordship will be down in a moment. However it is questioned by John, the savage: The Savage interrupted him. But isnt it natural to feel theres a God? Even reading plays, books, dramas is forbidden for the residents, because they are full with emotions which cannot be understood by others: Call it the fault of civilization. God isnt compatible with machinery and scientific medicine and universal happiness. You must make your choice. Our civilization has chosen machinery and medicine and happiness. Thats why I have to keep these books locked up in the safe. Theyre smut. People would be shocked it It also could be a threat to social civilization, if people started to discover how their ancestors live, their soul would be changed if they started to read poetry, for instance. When the individual feels, society reels. Lenina warned Bernard. In a uniformed world like in Brave New World, even love is a danger to social stability, because loving a particular man or woman is a unique identity, which is a threat to the social system. Instead of loving one particular man or woman, everybody loves everybody, which is in a way means loving no one. However, there are some characters in the novel, for instance Bernard, who fails to follow the rules, perhaps loving someone is a capability which is so deep in us, that is hard to abolish. Instead, there is a an alternative way which replace love which is the pure physical relationship between the two opposite sex, which is practiced by children from an early age. Go away, little girl, shouted the D.H.C. angrily. Go away, little boy! Cant you see that his fordships busy? Go and do your erotic play somewhere else. These organised sexual games undercut passion and do not allow the individual to love one particular man or woman. Individuals even subordinate their own sexual pleasure to the supposed joy of the society. Most of the people in the novel are even not aware of the real meaning of friendship, love, marriage and parenting, because they have never experienced it. These values, which are so familiar to us, are dead in Brave New World. These values were sacrificed long time ago, because they surely make people unique. Instead, people grow up in communities, which is very similar to the way orphans grow up without a family. Being old and looking different is also dangerous for the civilisation. Old people are different from younger ones, their skin is wrinkled and some of their teeth are missing. So hard for me to realize, Bernard was saying, to reconstruct. As though we were living on different planets, in different centuries. A mother, and all this dirt, and gods, and old age, and disease He shook his head. Its almost inconceivable. I shall never understand, unless you explain. In Fords world, people are drugged to look like young forever, however they have to pay a big price for that, they die earlier. When Bernard went to a holiday, he met Linda and John, who live outside of the community. They are mother and son, Linda look old and some of her teeth are missing, her only dream is to go back to the perfect world from where she was expelled because of her pregnancy. However, when she and her son returned, Linda was deliberately overdosed, because she does not fit into the society, she is different. In the novel, people are capable of killing for order without even realising it. When Johns mother, Linda is dying, John goes to the hospital to see, where he is told that she is only left a few hours to live. When she dies, John outbursts in his pain which is not understood by other people. For them, people are only replaceable, interchangable units of the society, being loved and loosing that particular person are so out of their rich, they cannot imagine. In Huxleys Brave New World, people take somma which is a drug subscribed for everyone. By swallowing a few tablets, people feel themselves better; disappointment, shame, bad feelings disappear in a minute. People take a few of it after work, or go to somma holidays for recitation. Sommatized people are half conscious they are industrialised to feel happy about themselves, however this is not true happiness, the reality blurs with the imaginations. There are only two people in the novel, who completely fail to fulfil what is expected from them, namely John and Bernard. Both of them are Alfa+, thus they are very cleve, but John was raised up by his mother, while Bernard was conditioned. Bernard only questions the systems inhumanity, while John reject the system altogether. Probably, John who was raised up by his mother is more human! than his fellow, Bernard. There is one solution to escape where one can live as he or she desire, to go to an island. Around the modern World there are islands, where people are deported, if it is necessary for the sake of civilization. They live there as people lived before, having children, getting old. For instance, Bernard has to go, although, he is not satisfied with the decision. Bernard started and looked horrified. What would the Controller think? To be labelled as the friend of a man who said that he didnt like civilization-said it openly and, of all people, to the Controller-it was terrible. But, John, he began. A look from Mustapha Mond reduced him to an abject silence. The decision itself is good for Bernard, although he does not know it yet, he is disappointed. The controller he himself question the system and almost escaped but finally he decided to stay. Perhaps, he was afraid to start a new life completely own his own. To conclude, every human value, which makes us individual is dead in Brave New World by Huxley. Individualism is defeated in the dystopia and only society lives. Who does not fit into the society is either killed or deported. A society where people do not have choices and ruled by others is called dictatorship. The only way to resist the power of tyranny is keeping ones mind active and free. Peoples freedom is always limited, but should be constantly exercised to avoid tyranny.

Nick Carraway Essay

Nick Carraway, the narrator and important character in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is deeply characterized through what he says, thinks, and is seen as by others. Many different perspectives of Nick are evident throughout the novel. He is judged and characterized by himself, his friends, and other strangers that he meets in the novel. Fitzgerald uses more dialogue to characterize Nick than other mediums. In the beginning of the book, on the first page, Nick himself declares that he is the narrator of the book. He states that he is â€Å"inclined to reserve all judgements† (Fitzgerald 1) because he has had many advantages which the average person would not have had. This is the first bit of character that we see developed in Nick’s character. He is not quick to judge people simply because he knows that if he was, he would be trying to understand a life which has not been a part of him. It could also mean that Nick is conscious of what other people tell him, because his father told him â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had† (Fitzgerald 1). Clearly, Nick is an observant person based on the fact that the novel is narrated in such great detail by him. â€Å"Every friday five crates of lemons and oranges arrived from a fruiterer in New York—every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves† (Fitzgerald 39). Nick is super observant, as observations just as detailed as that are told on most every page in the novel. Nick is not always as forgiving and understanding as he claims in the beginning of the novel, however. There are times, although only a few, when Nick is judgemental towards others. One quote stands out as a popular, recognizable line that Nick says on page 160. â€Å"‘They’re a rotten crowd,’ I shouted across the lawn. ‘You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together’† (Fitzgerald 160). This quote is an indirect insult and criticism toward the neighbors and residents who attended a party at Gatsby’s house. He shouts this to Gatsby after talking about Gatsby’s past and how he ended up where he is now. Nick can be characterized in that quote as being either extremely appreciative of Gatsby or being extremely judgemental of the crowd at the party. Likely both, Nick is going against what he said about himself in the beginning of the novel, which also says that he sometimes makes false statements. Fitzgerald also uses physical descriptions to characterize Nick. â€Å"Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn† (Fitzgerald 41). Although not much is described, only his clothes that night, we can still see character development within that description. The fact that he’s wearing simple, white flannels, although fancy and expensive, are also very neutral and humble. Even though West Egg is considered to be â€Å"New Money†, Nick is more observant and in the background. It seems as though he would rather watch something than be watched by something. He could have worn flagrant colors and flaunted himself, but he chose to do the opposite. Another somewhat physical description of Nick is that he’s not a city-born character. He was born in Minnesota, not New York, and because of this, it could be implied that he grew up in a simpler place, where it did not matter what you wore or looked like. This can be considered while characterizing Nick’s physical traits. Fitzgerald exemplifies Nick’s characteristics in multiple ways throughout the novel. The evidence Fitzgerald provides for the reader is clearly given and shows how Nick is not always what he wishes he could be from a personality standpoint. What Fitzgerald did to show the different sides of Nick’s character is a major reason he is considered among the top American novelists; and The Great Gatsby is by far his best work.

Governments and corporations Essay

There was no question of ownership of oil, water and other resources freely available in the environment before governments and/or private companies claimed ownership of these resources with the pronouncement that they would process and distribute these resources fairly. Poverty is a result of unfair distribution of resources. Moreover, environmental degradation ensues when governments or corporations are too greedy for immediate profits to consider the environmental impact of their business decisions. Surely environmental degradation accompanies loss of life. On the other hand, sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development†). The United Nations Economic and Social Council reports the following as an illustration of the ill effects of unsustainable development: †¦[The] rate of agricultural production growth at the global level has been about 2. 3 per cent between 1970 and 1990 and thus has exceeded population growth so that per capita supplies of food have increased. However, wide regional disparities remain: the situation improved greatly in East Asia but worsened in sub-Saharan Africa. There still remain large numbers of under-nourished people in developing countries†¦ The relentless exploitation of the natural resource base to achieve an increased level of agricultural production has resulted in increased natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation (â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development†). The following case of the Aral Sea sheds greater light on the fact of natural resources being exploited when governments and/or corporations refuse to consider the trade-off that the concept of sustainable development is built upon. Situated southwest of Kazakhstan, northwest of Uzbekistan, and east of the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea is presently a salt lake. Until the 1970s, the Aral Sea was the world’s fourth largest lake, fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers (â€Å"Aral Sea†). When the dictator Josef Stalin rose to power in 1941, and right up to his death in 1953, he desired to make the Soviet Union self-sufficient in cotton, which is used for both gunpowder and clothing. Hence, the successors of Stalin during the 1960s and 1970s allowed an unlimited amount of irrigation water to be tapped from both the Amu Darya in the south and the Syr Darya in the northeast – to quench the thirst of the cotton fields (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard†). According to environmentalists, cotton grown in a desert is sure to result in immense wastage of water. On the other hand, smaller quantities of water may be used to produce abundant food. Moreover, it has been claimed that the Uzbeks use a rather wasteful procedure to irrigate their cotton from the Amu Darya. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of its republics, the government of Uzbekistan has continued its old ruinous policy, as cotton happens to be the principle hard-currency earner for the landlocked republic in west central Asia. Hence, the world’s fourth largest lake that once supplied approximately fifty thousand tons of fish every year or one hundred pounds of fish per acre has lost a staggering ninety percent of its volume. And, this has happened in the past half century alone. Most of the fish in the Aral Sea have died because the water has turned too salty to be inhabitable (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). The Soviet policy of using unlimited water from the rivers that fed the Aral Sea has been referred to as a bad one because the successors of Stalin, and now Uzbekistan’s government, failed to take into consideration the science behind dried former sea beds. As though the death of fish is not a big deal, a dried former sea bed also spawns dust storms spreading salt, pesticides and fertilizers. This is exactly what happened in the case of the Aral Sea, as the area’s already fragile semi desert was ultimately damaged, turning its people into some of the unhealthiest on the planet. Here, anemia figures top ninety percent (â€Å"Dike Built To Revive†). Of course, the Aral Sea disaster is a typical illustration of governmental policies gone astray. Then there are corporations that refuse to consider that the natural environment is built on cause-and-effect relationships just like business management. In early September 2006, a toxic waste dumping scandal of truly globalized proportions came to light in the Ivory Coast. The Probo-Koala, a tanker chartered by the London-based shipping company, Tranfigura, set off from Amsterdam carrying four hundred metric tons of petrochemical waste to dump in Abidjan, the port city of the Ivory Coast (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia†). Tranfigura informed the Amsterdam Port Services that the waste was absolutely â€Å"conventional† (Vidal). However, it was later discovered that the waste contained hydrogen sulfide, which happens to be a poisonous gas, smelling as rotten eggs (â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). At least ten people lost their lives in the weeks immediately following the incident in the Ivory Coast (Vidal). Moreover, seventy five thousand people sought medical treatment with complaints of nausea, nose bleeds, breathlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, skin damage, headaches, and swollen stomachs (Vidal; â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker†). Undoubtedly, if the corporation responsible for sending toxic waste to the Ivory Coast had been conscientious to begin with, lives would have been saved. Even so, maximization of profits is the goal of all producers. Depending on the moralities of their owners and managers, they may or may not believe in the need to behave ethically. Unfortunately, many for-profit businesses around the globe are known to engage in unethical practices, which is the reason why the government must step in to regulate markets and the practices of various business ventures when it is believed that doing so would be of benefit to society. Governments have the right to charge corporations for the damages they inflict upon people and their environment. Then again, as the example of Aral Sea shows, even governments may fail to understand that the environment, like business, is built on cause and effect relationships. As expected, governments that make bad policies or wrong choices may only profit in the short run. In the long run, everyone must pay for faulty policies. Those who are subjected to such governments have to pay through the disastrous effects of bad policies on an immediate level. Their fault seems to be that they did not protest soon enough the bad policies of their governments. Regardless of whether they are able to do so, the fact remains that unbridled profit seeking behavior at the expense of the environment costs lives. Works Cited â€Å"Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development. † United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Aral Sea. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. â€Å"Dike Built To Revive Aral Sea; Soviet-Era Policies Turned World’s Third-Largest Lake into Saline Hazard. † The Washington Times (1 Oct 2005), p. A08. â€Å"Ivory Coast Toxic Tanker Impounded by Estonia. † Environmental News Service. 28 Sep 2006. 8 May 2009. . â€Å"Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. † United Nations Economic and Social Council. 11-28 Apr 1995. 8 May 2009. .

Semiotics Definition and Examples

Semiotics is the theory and study of signs and symbols, especially as elements of language or other systems of communication. Common examples of semiotics include traffic signs, emojis, and emoticons used in electronic communication, and logos and brands used by international corporations to sell us things—brand loyalty, they call it. Semiotics Takeaways Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols, in particular as they communicate things spoken and unspoken.Common signs that are understood globally include traffic signs, emojis, and corporate logos.Written and spoken language is full of semiotics in the form of intertextuality, puns, metaphors, and references to cultural commonalities. Signs are all around us. Consider a set of paired faucets in a bathroom or kitchen. The left side is almost certainly the hot water tap, the right is the cold. Many years ago, all taps had letters designating the temperature of the water—in English, H for hot and C for cold; in Spanish, C for hot (caliente) and F for cold (frio). Modern taps often have no letter designations or are included in one tap, but even with a single tap, the semiotic content of faucets still tells us to tilt or turn left for hot water and right for cold. The information about how to avoid being burned is a sign. Practice and History A person who studies or practices semiotics is a semiotician.  Many terms and concepts used by contemporary semioticians were introduced by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Saussure defined a  sign as any motion, gesture, image, pattern, or event that conveys meaning. He defined langue as the structure or grammar of a language and parole as the choices made by the speaker to communicate that information. Semiotics is a key study into the evolution of human consciousness. English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) tied the advancement of intelligence to three steps: understanding the nature of things, understanding what to do to achieve whatever you wish to achieve, and the ability to communicate these things to another. Language began with signs. In Lockes terminology, signs are dyadic—that is, a sign is tied to a specific meaning. Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) said that signs work only if there is an intelligence capable of learning from experience. Peirces conception of semiotics was triadic: sign, meaning, and interpreter. Modern semioticians look at the entire network of signs and symbols around us that mean different things in different contexts, even signs or symbols that are sounds. Think of what an ambulance siren communicates when you are driving: Someone is endangered and we are in a hurry to help. Pull over to the side of the road and let us drive by. Textual Signs Intertextuality is a type of subtle communication in that what we write or say often is recollecting something shared between us. For example, if you mimic James Earl Jones deep baritone saying Luke, you can transmit a raft of Star Wars images and sounds and meanings. Knowing the semiotics you are, Grasshopper, is a reference both to Master Yoda and to Master Po in the 1970s Kung Fu television series. In fact, you could argue that Yoda was a semiotic reference to Master Po. Metaphors can act as meaningful stand-ins to people who are familiar with the culture: He was a rock to me in my hour of need and That coffee is hotter than Hades are intertextual references to the Judeo-Christian Bible, and theyre so common that it doesnt matter whether youve read the Bible. Metonyms can, too: The Smoke is a metonym for London, a reference to its once-prevalent smog, which still means London even if the smog is less prevalent. Writing William Shakespeares and Lewis Carrolls writings are full of puns and cultural references, some of which, sadly, are no longer meaningful to modern speakers. The master of intertextuality was the Irish writer James Joyce, whose books such as Ulysses are so dense with snippets of different and invented languages and cultural references that the modern reader needs hypertexts—live weblinks—to get them all: Stephen closed his eyes to hear his boots crush crackling wrack and shells. You are walking through it howsomever. I am, a stride at a time. A very short space of time through very short times of space. Five, six: the nacheinander. Exactly: and that is the ineluctable modality of the audible. A hypertext supports semiotic understanding. We know what a hypertext means: Here youll find a definition of this term or this phrase. Nonverbal Communication Many ways that we communicate with one another are nonverbal. A shrug, a roll of the eyes, a wave of the hand, these and thousands of other subtle and unsubtle body language memes communicate information to another person. Vocalics is a type of nonverbal communication embedded into speech: the pitch, tone, rate, volume, and timbre of spoken language communicate  additional information about the underlying meaning of a group of words. Personal space is also a form of semiotics that is specific to a culture. A person approaching too close to you in Western culture might seem a hostile incursion, but in other cultures personal space dimensions are different. Simply touching someone can calm an angry or sad person, or enrage or offend them, depending on the context. Sources Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basics.Klarer,  Mario. An Introduction to Literary Studies.Lewis,  Michael. The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine. Craig, Robert T. Communication Theory as a Field  in Theorizing Communication: Readings Across Traditions.